CALS_β Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories (1229 languages)
Vowel Quality Inventories (1242 languages)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio (1155 languages)
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (1213 languages)
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (1173 languages)
Uvular Consonants (1201 languages)
Glottalized Consonants (1176 languages)
Lateral Consonants (1190 languages)
The Velar Nasal (1197 languages)
Vowel Nasalization (1185 languages)
Front Rounded Vowels (1172 languages)
Syllable Structure (1203 languages)
Tone (1224 languages)
Fixed Stress Locations (1022 languages)
Weight-Sensitive Stress (880 languages)
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (843 languages)
Rhythm Types (743 languages)
Absence of Common Consonants (1162 languages)
Presence of Uncommon Consonants (1162 languages)

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (884 languages)
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (831 languages)
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (804 languages)
Locus of Marking in the Clause (821 languages)
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (806 languages)
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (755 languages)
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (878 languages)
Reduplication (863 languages)
Case Syncretism (838 languages)
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (835 languages)

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders (1113 languages)
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (1070 languages)
Systems of Gender Assignment (1024 languages)
Coding of Nominal Plurality (1039 languages)
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (945 languages)
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (875 languages)
The Associative Plural (656 languages)
Definite Articles (1014 languages)
Indefinite Articles (992 languages)
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (915 languages)
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (900 languages)
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (819 languages)
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (665 languages)
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (737 languages)
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (867 languages)
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (843 languages)
Indefinite Pronouns (597 languages)
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (578 languages)
Person Marking on Adpositions (744 languages)
Number of Cases (934 languages)
Asymmetrical Case-Marking (747 languages)
Position of Case Affixes (865 languages)
Comitatives and Instrumentals (696 languages)
Ordinal Numerals (732 languages)
Distributive Numerals (517 languages)
Numeral Classifiers (714 languages)
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (463 languages)
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (762 languages)

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection (783 languages)
Possessive Classification (736 languages)
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (649 languages)
Adjectives without Nouns (645 languages)
Action Nominal Constructions (460 languages)
Noun Phrase Conjunction (655 languages)
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (641 languages)

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (842 languages)
The Past Tense (900 languages)
The Future Tense (896 languages)
The Perfect (794 languages)
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (833 languages)
The Morphological Imperative (718 languages)
The Prohibitive (669 languages)
Imperative-Hortative Systems (488 languages)
The Optative (677 languages)
Situational Possibility (539 languages)
Epistemic Possibility (523 languages)
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (451 languages)
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (616 languages)
Coding of Evidentiality (654 languages)
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (609 languages)
Verbal Number and Suppletion (610 languages)

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb (1003 languages)
Order of Subject and Verb (963 languages)
Order of Object and Verb (956 languages)
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (754 languages)
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (837 languages)
Order of Genitive and Noun (894 languages)
Order of Adjective and Noun (928 languages)
Order of Demonstrative and Noun (823 languages)
Order of Numeral and Noun (846 languages)
Order of Relative Clause and Noun (751 languages)
Order of Degree Word and Adjective (594 languages)
Position of Polar Question Particles (721 languages)
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (667 languages)
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (568 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (675 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (655 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (695 languages)
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb (626 languages)
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb (578 languages)

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (745 languages)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (705 languages)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (680 languages)
Expression of Pronominal Subjects (681 languages)
Verbal Person Marking (755 languages)
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (677 languages)
Order of Person Markers on the Verb (667 languages)
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (604 languages)
Reciprocal Constructions (513 languages)
Passive Constructions (692 languages)
Antipassive Constructions (596 languages)
Applicative Constructions (503 languages)
Periphrastic Causative Constructions (301 languages)
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (441 languages)
Negative Morphemes (705 languages)
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (520 languages)
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (408 languages)
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (366 languages)
Polar Questions (675 languages)
Predicative Possession (496 languages)
Predicative Adjectives (555 languages)
Nominal and Locational Predication (518 languages)
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (597 languages)
Comparative Constructions (439 languages)

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects (533 languages)
Relativization on Obliques (489 languages)
'Want' Complement Subjects (453 languages)
Purpose Clauses (399 languages)
'When' Clauses (411 languages)
Reason Clauses (402 languages)
Utterance Complement Clauses (371 languages)

Lexicon

Hand and Arm (743 languages)
Finger and Hand (723 languages)
Numeral Bases (814 languages)
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (383 languages)
Number of Basic Colour Categories (365 languages)
Green and Blue (584 languages)
Red and Yellow (584 languages)
M-T Pronouns (626 languages)
N-M Pronouns (620 languages)
Tea (540 languages)

Sign Languages

Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (79 languages)
Question Particles in Sign Languages (83 languages)

Other

Writing Systems (715 languages)
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (416 languages)

Conlang-specific

Conlang type (894 languages)