CALS_β Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories (1232 languages)
Vowel Quality Inventories (1245 languages)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio (1158 languages)
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (1216 languages)
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (1176 languages)
Uvular Consonants (1204 languages)
Glottalized Consonants (1179 languages)
Lateral Consonants (1193 languages)
The Velar Nasal (1200 languages)
Vowel Nasalization (1188 languages)
Front Rounded Vowels (1175 languages)
Syllable Structure (1206 languages)
Tone (1227 languages)
Fixed Stress Locations (1025 languages)
Weight-Sensitive Stress (883 languages)
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (846 languages)
Rhythm Types (746 languages)
Absence of Common Consonants (1165 languages)
Presence of Uncommon Consonants (1165 languages)

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (887 languages)
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (834 languages)
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (807 languages)
Locus of Marking in the Clause (824 languages)
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (809 languages)
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (758 languages)
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (881 languages)
Reduplication (866 languages)
Case Syncretism (841 languages)
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (838 languages)

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders (1115 languages)
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (1072 languages)
Systems of Gender Assignment (1026 languages)
Coding of Nominal Plurality (1041 languages)
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (947 languages)
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (877 languages)
The Associative Plural (658 languages)
Definite Articles (1016 languages)
Indefinite Articles (994 languages)
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (917 languages)
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (902 languages)
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (821 languages)
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (667 languages)
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (739 languages)
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (869 languages)
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (845 languages)
Indefinite Pronouns (599 languages)
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (580 languages)
Person Marking on Adpositions (746 languages)
Number of Cases (936 languages)
Asymmetrical Case-Marking (749 languages)
Position of Case Affixes (867 languages)
Comitatives and Instrumentals (698 languages)
Ordinal Numerals (734 languages)
Distributive Numerals (519 languages)
Numeral Classifiers (716 languages)
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (465 languages)
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (764 languages)

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection (785 languages)
Possessive Classification (738 languages)
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (651 languages)
Adjectives without Nouns (647 languages)
Action Nominal Constructions (462 languages)
Noun Phrase Conjunction (657 languages)
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (643 languages)

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (844 languages)
The Past Tense (902 languages)
The Future Tense (898 languages)
The Perfect (796 languages)
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (835 languages)
The Morphological Imperative (720 languages)
The Prohibitive (671 languages)
Imperative-Hortative Systems (490 languages)
The Optative (679 languages)
Situational Possibility (541 languages)
Epistemic Possibility (525 languages)
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (453 languages)
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (618 languages)
Coding of Evidentiality (656 languages)
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (611 languages)
Verbal Number and Suppletion (612 languages)

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb (1005 languages)
Order of Subject and Verb (965 languages)
Order of Object and Verb (958 languages)
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (756 languages)
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (839 languages)
Order of Genitive and Noun (895 languages)
Order of Adjective and Noun (929 languages)
Order of Demonstrative and Noun (824 languages)
Order of Numeral and Noun (847 languages)
Order of Relative Clause and Noun (752 languages)
Order of Degree Word and Adjective (595 languages)
Position of Polar Question Particles (722 languages)
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (669 languages)
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (569 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (677 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (656 languages)
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (696 languages)
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb (627 languages)
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb (579 languages)

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (747 languages)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (707 languages)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (682 languages)
Expression of Pronominal Subjects (683 languages)
Verbal Person Marking (757 languages)
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (679 languages)
Order of Person Markers on the Verb (669 languages)
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (606 languages)
Reciprocal Constructions (515 languages)
Passive Constructions (694 languages)
Antipassive Constructions (598 languages)
Applicative Constructions (505 languages)
Periphrastic Causative Constructions (303 languages)
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (443 languages)
Negative Morphemes (707 languages)
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (522 languages)
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (410 languages)
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (368 languages)
Polar Questions (676 languages)
Predicative Possession (497 languages)
Predicative Adjectives (557 languages)
Nominal and Locational Predication (519 languages)
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (599 languages)
Comparative Constructions (441 languages)

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects (535 languages)
Relativization on Obliques (491 languages)
'Want' Complement Subjects (455 languages)
Purpose Clauses (401 languages)
'When' Clauses (413 languages)
Reason Clauses (404 languages)
Utterance Complement Clauses (373 languages)

Lexicon

Hand and Arm (744 languages)
Finger and Hand (724 languages)
Numeral Bases (816 languages)
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (384 languages)
Number of Basic Colour Categories (366 languages)
Green and Blue (585 languages)
Red and Yellow (585 languages)
M-T Pronouns (628 languages)
N-M Pronouns (622 languages)
Tea (542 languages)

Sign Languages

Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (79 languages)
Question Particles in Sign Languages (83 languages)

Other

Writing Systems (715 languages)
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (418 languages)

Conlang-specific

Conlang type (896 languages)