CALSβ

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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  • All features

  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Nominal Categories
  • Nominal Syntax
  • Verbal Categories
  • Word Order
  • Simple Clauses
  • Complex Sentences
  • Lexicon
  • Sign Languages
  • Other
  • Conlang-specific
  • Phonology
    • Consonant Inventories (1205 languages)
    • Vowel Quality Inventories (1218 languages)
    • Consonant-Vowel Ratio (1133 languages)
    • Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (1189 languages)
    • Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (1153 languages)
    • Uvular Consonants (1179 languages)
    • Glottalized Consonants (1154 languages)
    • Lateral Consonants (1167 languages)
    • The Velar Nasal (1174 languages)
    • Vowel Nasalization (1162 languages)
    • Front Rounded Vowels (1149 languages)
    • Syllable Structure (1180 languages)
    • Tone (1200 languages)
    • Fixed Stress Locations (1002 languages)
    • Weight-Sensitive Stress (861 languages)
    • Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (824 languages)
    • Rhythm Types (722 languages)
    • Absence of Common Consonants (1142 languages)
    • Presence of Uncommon Consonants (1140 languages)
  • Morphology
    • Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (867 languages)
    • Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (815 languages)
    • Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (790 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in the Clause (807 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (792 languages)
    • Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (739 languages)
    • Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (859 languages)
    • Reduplication (843 languages)
    • Case Syncretism (819 languages)
    • Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (815 languages)
  • Nominal Categories
    • Number of Genders (1092 languages)
    • Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (1049 languages)
    • Systems of Gender Assignment (1005 languages)
    • Coding of Nominal Plurality (1020 languages)
    • Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (927 languages)
    • Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (857 languages)
    • The Associative Plural (636 languages)
    • Definite Articles (994 languages)
    • Indefinite Articles (973 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (895 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (881 languages)
    • Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (801 languages)
    • Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (649 languages)
    • Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (724 languages)
    • Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (849 languages)
    • Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (826 languages)
    • Indefinite Pronouns (580 languages)
    • Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (560 languages)
    • Person Marking on Adpositions (729 languages)
    • Number of Cases (914 languages)
    • Asymmetrical Case-Marking (730 languages)
    • Position of Case Affixes (845 languages)
    • Comitatives and Instrumentals (680 languages)
    • Ordinal Numerals (713 languages)
    • Distributive Numerals (503 languages)
    • Numeral Classifiers (697 languages)
    • Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (451 languages)
    • Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (747 languages)
  • Nominal Syntax
    • Obligatory Possessive Inflection (767 languages)
    • Possessive Classification (723 languages)
    • Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (637 languages)
    • Adjectives without Nouns (630 languages)
    • Action Nominal Constructions (451 languages)
    • Noun Phrase Conjunction (644 languages)
    • Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (631 languages)
  • Verbal Categories
    • Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (825 languages)
    • The Past Tense (882 languages)
    • The Future Tense (879 languages)
    • The Perfect (780 languages)
    • Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (816 languages)
    • The Morphological Imperative (703 languages)
    • The Prohibitive (654 languages)
    • Imperative-Hortative Systems (479 languages)
    • The Optative (663 languages)
    • Situational Possibility (528 languages)
    • Epistemic Possibility (513 languages)
    • Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (441 languages)
    • Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (603 languages)
    • Coding of Evidentiality (641 languages)
    • Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (600 languages)
    • Verbal Number and Suppletion (598 languages)
  • Word Order
    • Order of Subject, Object and Verb (984 languages)
    • Order of Subject and Verb (944 languages)
    • Order of Object and Verb (937 languages)
    • Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (735 languages)
    • Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (820 languages)
    • Order of Genitive and Noun (876 languages)
    • Order of Adjective and Noun (909 languages)
    • Order of Demonstrative and Noun (807 languages)
    • Order of Numeral and Noun (826 languages)
    • Order of Relative Clause and Noun (735 languages)
    • Order of Degree Word and Adjective (582 languages)
    • Position of Polar Question Particles (706 languages)
    • Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (652 languages)
    • Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (554 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (661 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (642 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (682 languages)
    • Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb (613 languages)
    • Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb (566 languages)
  • Simple Clauses
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (735 languages)
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (694 languages)
    • Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (666 languages)
    • Expression of Pronominal Subjects (672 languages)
    • Verbal Person Marking (742 languages)
    • Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (667 languages)
    • Order of Person Markers on the Verb (656 languages)
    • Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (595 languages)
    • Reciprocal Constructions (503 languages)
    • Passive Constructions (682 languages)
    • Antipassive Constructions (588 languages)
    • Applicative Constructions (495 languages)
    • Periphrastic Causative Constructions (297 languages)
    • Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (434 languages)
    • Negative Morphemes (694 languages)
    • Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (511 languages)
    • Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (402 languages)
    • Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (360 languages)
    • Polar Questions (663 languages)
    • Predicative Possession (487 languages)
    • Predicative Adjectives (547 languages)
    • Nominal and Locational Predication (508 languages)
    • Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (584 languages)
    • Comparative Constructions (428 languages)
  • Complex Sentences
    • Relativization on Subjects (522 languages)
    • Relativization on Obliques (478 languages)
    • 'Want' Complement Subjects (444 languages)
    • Purpose Clauses (392 languages)
    • 'When' Clauses (404 languages)
    • Reason Clauses (395 languages)
    • Utterance Complement Clauses (364 languages)
  • Lexicon
    • Hand and Arm (728 languages)
    • Finger and Hand (708 languages)
    • Numeral Bases (795 languages)
    • Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (372 languages)
    • Number of Basic Colour Categories (355 languages)
    • Green and Blue (571 languages)
    • Red and Yellow (572 languages)
    • M-T Pronouns (612 languages)
    • N-M Pronouns (606 languages)
    • Tea (529 languages)
  • Sign Languages
    • Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (76 languages)
    • Question Particles in Sign Languages (80 languages)
  • Other
    • Writing Systems (698 languages)
    • Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (406 languages)
  • Conlang-specific
    • Conlang type (878 languages)
 
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