Features for Ainu

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Average
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Moderately low
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	No voicing constrast
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	Other
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	None
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	No laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Moderately complex
Tone ^WALS	Simple tone system
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	None

Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	No marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Equal prefixing and suffixing
Reduplication ^WALS	Full reduplication only
Case Syncretism ^WALS	No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Not syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural suffix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	All nouns, always optional
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person-number affixes
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Associative same as additive plural
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	Inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Different stem
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	Binary politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Interrogative-based
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	Pronouns only
Number of Cases ^WALS	Exclusively borderline case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	None
Distributive Numerals ^WALS	Marked by following word
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Optional
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers ^WALS	Formally similar, with interrogative
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	Possessive prefixes

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Absent
Possessive Classification ^WALS	No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses ^WALS	Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed
Noun Phrase Conjunction ^WALS	'And' different from 'with'
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction ^WALS	Differentiation

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	No grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	No past tense
The Future Tense ^WALS	No inflectional future
The Perfect ^WALS	No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second person number-neutral
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Normal imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Neither type of system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Verbal constructions
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Other
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	Overlap for either possibility or necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	Verbal affix or clitic
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	None
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	Singular-plural pairs, suppletion

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOV
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun ^WALS	Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Relative clause-Noun
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Final
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause ^WALS	Final subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	OV and RelN
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	OV and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SONegV

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Split
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Zero in all 3rd person forms
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	A precedes P
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Secondary-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Present
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	No antipassive
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	Benefactive and other; both bases
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Possession ^WALS	'Have'
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Impossible

'Want' Complement Subjects ^WALS	Subject is left implicit
Purpose Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

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