CALS: Language: Canela-Kraho

Features for Canela-Kraho

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Small
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Large (7-14)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Low
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	No voicing constrast
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	Other
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	None
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	Initial velar nasal
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Complex
Tone ^WALS	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations ^WALS	Ultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress ^WALS	Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems ^WALS	No weight
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	None

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Little affixation
Reduplication ^WALS	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism ^WALS	No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	No plural
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Number-indifferent pronouns
Definite Articles ^WALS	No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles ^WALS	No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	Only inclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	Only inclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns ^WALS	Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	Pronouns only
Number of Cases ^WALS	No morphological case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	No case-marking
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	None
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Absent
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	Possessive prefixes

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Exists
Possessive Classification ^WALS	No possessive classification
Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	Sentential
Noun Phrase Conjunction ^WALS	'And' identical to 'with'
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction ^WALS	Differentiation

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	No grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions
The Future Tense ^WALS	No inflectional future
The Perfect ^WALS	No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	No tense-aspect inflection
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second person number-neutral
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Normal imperative + normal negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Neither type of system
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Other
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	No grammatical evidentials
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	None
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	Singular-plural pairs, suppletion

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOV
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb ^WALS	XOV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Demonstrative
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Mixed
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Initial
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Initial interrogative phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Other
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	OV and NAdj
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	VNeg
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOVNeg

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	None
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Ergative
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Only the P argument
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Indirect-object construction
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Absent
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	Oblique patient
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	No applicative construction
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Possession ^WALS	Locational
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Possible

Relativization on Subjects ^WALS	Non-reduction
Relativization on Obliques ^WALS	Non-reduction
'Want' Complement Subjects ^WALS	Subject is left implicit
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

M-T Pronouns ^WALS	No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns ^WALS	No N-M pronouns

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