CALS: Language: Ngiyambaa

Features for Ngiyambaa

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Small (2-4)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Moderately high
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	No voicing constrast
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	Other
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	None
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	Initial velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Moderately complex
Tone ^WALS	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations ^WALS	No fixed stress
Weight-Sensitive Stress ^WALS	Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems ^WALS	Long vowel
Rhythm Types ^WALS	Trochaic
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	'Th' sounds

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Dependent marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Dependent-marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Strongly suffixing
Reduplication ^WALS	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism ^WALS	Core and non-core
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	No subject person/number marking

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural suffix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	All nouns, always optional
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person-number stem
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Associative same as additive plural
Definite Articles ^WALS	No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles ^WALS	No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Related for all demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns ^WALS	Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	No adpositions
Number of Cases ^WALS	5 cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	Qualitatively asymmetrical
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	None
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Absent
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	No possessive affixes

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Absent
Possessive Classification ^WALS	Two classes
Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	No action nominals

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	No grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	Present, no remoteness distinctions
The Future Tense ^WALS	Inflectional future exists
The Perfect ^WALS	No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second person number-neutral
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Special imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Maximal system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Verbal constructions
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Other
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	Overlap for either possibility or necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	Verbal affix or clitic
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	None
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	None

Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb ^WALS	No dominant order
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	No adpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	No dominant order
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Mixed
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Second position
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Initial interrogative phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Other
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Other
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	Other

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Ergative - absolutive
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Split
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Subject clitics on variable host
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	Both orders of A and P occur
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Secondary-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Absent
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	No antipassive
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	No applicative construction
Periphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Purposive but no sequential
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Nonverbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Identical
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Impossible

Relativization on Subjects ^WALS	Gap
Relativization on Obliques ^WALS	Gap
'Want' Complement Subjects ^WALS	Subject is left implicit
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Balanced/deranked
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

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